SQL is now more than 40 years old, and it has undergone a great deal of change alongthe way. In the mid-1980s, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) beganworking on the first standard for the SQL language, which was published in 1986.Subsequent refinements led to new releases of the SQL standard in 1989, 1992, 1999,2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, and 2016. Along with refinements to the core language, newfeatures have been added to the SQL language to incorporate object-oriented func‐tionality, among other things. The later standards focus on the integration of relatedtechnologies, s